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| Boats in Alert Bay |
The Namgis elders on the shore welcome the incoming
boats. Canoes with mystical creatures painted on them approach the
beach, several paddlers in each canoe, their conical hats plaited
from cedar bark. The paddles, richly decorated, at the very last
moment are lifted overhead. Skippers of each boat stand up one by one
and in flowery speeches ask for the permission to land. The elders on
the shore in no less flowery language ask them to come ashore. They
stand in front of a bighouse on the roof of which somebody wearing a
mask with a huge beak dances an eagle dance.
“Gilakasla.”
All this takes place on one of the numerous islands in
the Northern Pacific Ocean in a village called Alert Bay. These
islands are covered in temperate rainforest, huge centuries-old
cedars grow there. Local Indians made sea-going canoes from these
cedars and from the bark they made clothing and hats. Cedars planks
were used to build traditional bighouses. Some of the approaching
canoes are actually made the traditional way from cedar trunks.
In the evening the paddlers are invited to the bighouse
for reception. They start with a big meal with local Indian
specialities, especially smoked salmon caught in rivers here. Salmon
comes every year here in huge numbers to spawn, when it is enough to
stand in the river and with the open mouth – the fish will just
jump in. This is exactly what the local grizzly bears do. There are
also other specialities, like herring roe stuck to fir twigs.
Herrings spawn close to the shore, the Namgis know where they come
every year and leave the twigs at the bottom of the sea where the
newly laid eggs get stuck. But the most praised food is candlefish
oil. They say this fish is so oily when coming to the rivers to spawn
that when dried it could be used as candles. Indians say that this
oil is especially delicious and during potlatches it is a very
special gift. The paddlers supper is not a potlatch but like a
potlatch it is given in a bighouse and there are dances after supper
as well. Various dances, big painted wooden masks are used, dancers
in coats of many colours come to the central area around the fire.
There is hamatsa dance in which young boys covered only in bunches of
cedar bark howl like cannibals. Dance of women who are supposed to
calm down the boys in this way so they can become human. Paddlers
dance in which the dancers wave their paddles as if they were in a
boat. A dance of Bukwas, a malicious forest spirit into which those
whose canoe capsized and who managed to reach an unknown shore are
turned. Because a dugout canoe can capsize in the ocean. What then?
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| Rooftop eagle dance |
Paddling in a dugout canoe in the ocean is not a joke.
Two of the boats that were expected at Alert Bay that day did not
arrive. When the wind blew stronger and the waves grew higher the
boats capsized and the paddlers had to swim for safety. They didn't
have to swim to unknown shores because a motorized boat followed them
and could rescue them all. Although the boats themselves did not
arrive, the paddlers could be present in the bighouse to enjoy food
and dance.
All these canoes go to Bella Bella, an Indian village
situated on another island, farther to the north. A big rally is
planned there two weeks from now, canoes from all direstions will
arrive there. Tlingit Indians will paddle from Alaska, Haida Indians
from Queen Charlotte Islands, Quinault Indians from Washington State,
Chinook Indians all the way from Oregon. They are already on their
way, those from Oregon have been paddling for a week by now.
There was a time when dugouts were the main means of
transport in this archipelago. Made from a single tree trunk, the
sea-going canoes were big, some could contain up to 20 paddlers.
Centuries-old cedars growing in the virgin forests on these islands
reached huge size. Indian boat makers carved the whole boat from a
single trunk but they knew the way of changing its shape, for example
they made it wider by pushing gunwales apart. They discovered that
the wood becomes pliable in hot water so they poured water into the
carved-out boat, then threw red-hot stones into it and when the water
boiled – pushed the gunwales out. It wasn't just a mechanical
thing, building a boat was a sacred activity and there was ritual
connected to it. The boat maker had to do his job with love, a boat
was considered to be a jealous woman. He had to leave his wife for
the period of building a boat and the boat could take revenge if he
wasn't faithful to her. There are stories about a boat that split in
two when the builder conceived a child while building her. Haida
Indians were famous as creators of the most beautiful boats, they
built them for sale to other tribes. Trade in goods carried in these
boats was conducted in the whole archipelago and even farther, along
the west coast of North America from Alaska to Oregon. Not everything
was so peaceful, however. Traditional Indians costume in these parts
was wooden armour complete with wooden helmet carved in a shape of a
fantastic creature. This armour wasn't just for decoration; head
hunting was about as widespread as trade. Catching slaves was also
popular, stolen women would vanish beyond the horizon carried away in
swift canoes, never to be seen again.
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| Welcoming the paddlers in Alert Bay. |
Incredibly, the swift canoes were also used for whaling.
This wasn't a widespread practice, only Nootka Indians from the west
coast of Vancouver Island did this. Their boats weren't big enough to
pull the dead whale in, the carcass had to be towed to the beach. The
heart had to be pierced with the first strike, otherwise the animal
would escape. The whale hunt was also a sacred activity and there was
ritual connected with it. The crew of the canoe prepared for this for
a long time, they had to act as a single organism. Before the hunt
they went into the woods for meditation, they fasted together and
bathed in ice cold water. The chief was supposed to throw the harpoon
and his wife was supposed to fast when he was out on the sea. In her
meditation she was supposed to identify with the whale so the whale
would fall in love with her husband and would want to be close to
him.
All this was long ago, today nobody needs to use
paddling canoes. Today Indians on their reservations live like other
Americans, they have cars and motorboats and if necessary they can
take a car on a ferry and this way vanish beyond the horizon. Why on
earth does anybody want to paddle for several weeks risking a swim in
ice-cold water when seas get rough and the canoe gets capsized?
The official reason is – to keep the tradition alive.
This interest in tradition is partly caused by scholars, who came
from big cities and paid a lot of money for old artefacts. Carvers
who for years had no orders from their traditional clients received
commissions to carve new totem poles for museums. When, however, a
museum wanted to build a new canoe the traditional way – it turned
out that there is nobody who knew how to do it, although there were
still some people who witnessed the boats being made. Bill Reid, a
Haida artist who lived in Vancouver, decided to build a new canoe
using all the information he could get. Not only that – in 1987 a
team of paddlers delivered this boat to the village of Skidagate on
Queen Charlotte Islands.
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| Dancers in Alert Bay. |
This was the beginning. Other people from other tribes
built similar boats and in 1993 the first rally in Bella Bella was
organised. This year (2014) the second rally takes place and purely
by accident I am in Alert Bay on the day when the paddlers stop here
on their way to Bella Bella. On the spur of the moment I decide to
follow them for a couple of days, first to Fort Rupert on the next
day and then to Port Hardy on the following day. In Fort Rupert the
paddlers are received in a bighouse like in Alert bay, but in Port
hardy there is no bighouse and the paddlers are received in the
community centre. The local dancers don't perform there because the
elders had just passed away and the village is in mourning but the
paddlers themselves perform traditional songs of their tribes. In
between songs some people give speeches in the characteristic manner
of Indian public speaking. This is the time when group leaders
announce important decisions. For example the leader of a group of
paddlers from the Squamish reservation said this:
“A
very difficult passage is in front of us. When years ago I was
entering this passage, I was very scared. We have to respect waters.
Then I made peace with the Maker, I said good bye to my children,
this is how scared I was. I have 21 people in our canoe family, their
lives are in my hands. I have my grand uncle in our support boat. We
have elders in our support boat, they will not be able to rescue us
all if anything should happen. Therefore I decided that this is as
far as our team is going. We are not going to continue. We are still
a canoe family, no matter what we do. We are not going to pick up a
bottle or alcohol when we return. We are a canoe family all year
round...”
At this point I realised that there are no drunk Indians
in this crowd...
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| Canoes on the beach. |
You will find this text,
and many more on the subject,
in my book "DO THEY STILL LIVE IN WIGWAMS?":
and many more on the subject,
in my book "DO THEY STILL LIVE IN WIGWAMS?":
